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Piaget theory of cognitive development 

Explains how a child constructs a mental model of the world. He disagreed with the idea that intelligence was a fixed trait, and regarded cognitive development as a process which occurs due to biological maturation and interaction with the environment. 

Piaget was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. His contributions included a stage of theory of child cognitive development, detailed observational studies of cognition in children, and a series of simple but ingenious tests to reveal different cognitive abilities. 

He was interested in fundamental concepts like the idea of number, time, quantity, causality, justice, and so on emerged rather than in how they count, spell or solve problems. 

Piaget was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. His contributions included a stage of theory of child cognitive development, detailed observational studies of cognition in children, and a series of simple but ingenious tests to reveal different cognitive abilities.

He was interested in fundamental concepts like the idea of number, time, quantity, causality, justice, and so on emerged rather than in how they count, spell or solve problems. 





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Vygotsky sociocultural theory of cognitive development 

Vygotsky assumes cognitive development varies across culture.

Vygotsky states cognitive development stems from social interactions from guided learning within the zone of proximal development as children construct knowledge.

Cognitive development results from an internalization of language.

Adults transmit their culture’s tools of intellectual adaptation that children internalize.  

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Erikson's stages of psychological development 

Personality develop through eight stages of psychological development, from infancy to adulthood. During each stage the person experiences a psychological crisis which would have a positive or negative outcome from personality development.

According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and the acquisition of strengths.

Failure to successfully complete a stage of result in a reduce ability to further stages and therefore a more unhealthy personality and sense of self. These stages can be resolved successfully later time. 


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Chapter's Questionnaire     1.      What are the three general principles of DEVELOPMENT? And what implications does this have for us teachers?     People develop at different rates Development is relatively orderly Development takes place gradually We as teachers must pay close attention to those students who are less mature in their thinking and social relationship to help them improve these skills, also we should study them in terms of their learning process, behavior, if someone has learning disabilities, to focus on how we can help them without ignoring the children who do not suffer such disorders. 2.   What is the gray matter of the brain? Neurons because they are grayish color, and sometimes they are called gray matter of the brain.  3.     What is synaptic plasticity?  Communication between neurons by synaptic transmissions can be strength or weak depending of patterns of use, so the strength of these synaptic connections is always changing. 4.  
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Lev Vygotsky

Born in November 17, 1896 and died on june 11, 1934. Soviet psychologist the founder of an unfinished Marxist theory of human cultural and bio social development commonly referred to cultural historical psychology, a prominent advocate for a “science of the superman”, a new psychological theory of consciousness, and leader of the Vygotsky circle. Vygotsky main work was in developmental psychology and he proposed a theory of the development of higher psychological functions that saw human psychological development as emerging through interpersonal connections and actions with the social environment. He argued that human psychological development can be formed through the use of meaningless signs that he viewed as psychological equivalent or instrument use in human labor and industry.
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